Method and apparatus for encoding/decoding the motion vectors of a plurality of reference pictures, and apparatus and method for image encoding/decoding using same

ABSTRACT

A video decoding method using an inter prediction, includes: reconstructing a first differential motion vector and a second differential motion vector of a current block by decoding encoded data; deriving a first predicted motion vector and a second predicted motion vector of the current block from one or more neighboring blocks of the current block; generating a first motion vector of the current block by adding the first candidate motion vector to the first differential motion vector, and a second motion vector of the current block by adding the second candidate motion vector to the second differential motion vector; generating a predicted block of the current block by using the first and second motion vectors; reconstructing a residual block by decoding residual signals included in the encoded data; and adding each pixel value of the predicted block to a corresponding pixel value of the residual block.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 14/692,356, filed Apr. 21, 2015, which a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 13/124,070 filed Apr. 13, 2011, which is aNational Phase application of International Application No.PCT/KR2009/005713, filed Oct. 7, 2009, which is based upon and claimsthe benefit of priority from Korean Patent Application No.10-2008-0100553, filed on Oct. 14, 2008. The disclosures of theabove-listed applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein intheir entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a method and an apparatus forencoding/decoding motion vectors of a plurality of reference pictures.More particularly, the present disclosure relates to a method forencoding and decoding motion vectors of a plurality of referencepictures in encoding and decoding an image.

BACKGROUND ART

The statements in this section merely provide background informationrelated to the present disclosure and do not constitute the prior art.

As multimedia technologies are developed in rapid progress, demand forquality multimedia data including audio, image, and video is increased.Accordingly, for meeting the demand to transmit, store, and retrievesuch multimedia data within a limited network environment, internationalstandards are being set up for high efficiency video compression.Specifically, in case of videos, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29 MPEG group and ITU-TVCEG group have created H.264/AVC MPEG-4 Part.10 standard, whichattempts to achieve a high compression efficiency by using variousprediction encoding methods such as variable block size motionestimation and compensation, intra prediction encoding, etc.

The prediction encoding is an effective method to reduce correlations inexistence between data and it is widely used for compressing varioustypes of data. Especially, because a list0 motion vector and a list1motion vector, which are motion vectors of a current block for tworeference pictures in B picture, have a high correlation with motionvectors of adjacent blocks, it is possible to first calculate aprediction value or predicted motion vector (PMV) for a motion vector ofa current block by using motion vectors of adjacent blocks and thenencode not the true values of the list0 motion vector and the list1motion vector of the current block but just a differential value ordifferential motion vector (DMV) relative to the prediction value andthereby substantially reduce the bit quantity to improve the codingefficiency.

The inventor(s) has noted that for the purpose of effective compressionin the encoding of a motion vector using such a predicted motion vector,more accurately predicted motion vectors proportionally improve thecoding efficiency. Therefore, the inventor(s) has noted that a possibleway of improving the efficiency of the predicted encoding is not only toinvolve motion vectors of the spatially adjacent blocks but also togenerate a finite number of predicted motion vectors includingtemporally, spatially, or the motion vectors of spatio-temporallyadjacent blocks or different motion vectors calculated from theircombinations and use the most appropriate selection therefrom for thepredicted encoding of the motion vectors.

The inventor(s) has noted that In this occasion, to correctlyreconstruct the original motion vector from the prediction based encodedmotion vectors, it is necessary to know which one of the finite numberof the predicted motion vectors was used. The simplest motion vectorprediction encoding method for the task is to additionally encodeinformation on the correct predicted value used to perform theprediction encoding of the motion vectors. Alternatively, to reduce thebit quantity required to encode additional information for indicatingsuch selection of the predicted motion vector, the current H.264/AVCstandard uses medians of respective horizontal components and verticalcomponents of the list0 and list1 motion vectors contained in theadjacent blocks (at left, upper, and upper right sides of the currentblock) as the predicted motion vectors for the predicted encoding of themotion vectors. The inventor(s) has noted that This method determines apredetermined prediction value calculating means, such as a defaultmeans of a median, commonly recognized in an image encoding apparatusand an image decoding apparatus and produces the prediction value(predicted motion vector) using the commonly recognized prediction valuecalculating, to thereby obviate the need for additionally encodinginformation on the used prediction motion vector. The inventor(s) hasexperienced that the known method of preparing the predefined predictionvalue calculating means is only as good as saving an additionalinformation transmission about identifying a motion vector used as thepredicted motion vector, but is still deficient because the predictedmotion vector that is actually the used median is not the best predictedmotion vector to minimally generate the bit quantity required forencoding the differential motion vector.

SUMMARY

In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, a videodecoding method using an inter prediction, comprises: reconstructing afirst differential motion vector and a second differential motion vectorof a current block by decoding encoded data; deriving a first predictedmotion vector and a second predicted motion vector of the current blockfrom one or more neighboring blocks of the current block; generating afirst motion vector of the current block by adding the first candidatemotion vector to the first differential motion vector, and a secondmotion vector of the current block by adding the second candidate motionvector to the second differential motion vector; generating a predictedblock of the current block by using the first and second motion vectors;reconstructing a residual block by decoding residual signals included inthe encoded data; and adding each pixel value of the predicted block toa corresponding pixel value of the residual block. Further, thereconstruction of the residual block comprises: identifying one or moreconditions for enabling an inverse quantization and an inversetransform; and reconstructing the residual block by selecting one of thefollowing processes according to the one or more identified conditions:skipping both of the inverse quantization and the inverse transform forthe decoded residual signals, inversely quantizing the decoded residualsignals and skipping the inverse transform for the inversely quantizedresidual signals, and inversely quantizing the decoded residual signalsand inversely transforming the inversely quantized residual signals.

In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, a videodecoding apparatus using an inter prediction, comprises an informationextractor, a predictor, a decoder, and an adder. The informationextractor is configured to reconstruct a first differential motionvector and a second differential motion vector of a current block bydecoding encoded data. The predictor is configured to derive a firstpredicted motion vector and a second predicted motion vector of thecurrent block from one or more neighboring blocks of the current block,generate a first motion vector of the current block by adding the firstcandidate motion vector to the first differential motion vector, and asecond motion vector of the current block by adding the second candidatemotion vector to the second differential motion vector, and generate apredicted block of the current block by using the first and secondmotion vectors. The decoder is configured to reconstruct a residualblock by decoding residual signals included in the encoded data. And theadder configured to add each pixel value of the predicted block to acorresponding pixel value of the residual block. The decoder is furtheris configured to identify one or more conditions for enabling an inversequantization and an inverse transform; and reconstruct the residualblock by selecting one of the following processes according to the oneor more identified conditions: (i) skipping both of the inversequantization and the inverse transform for the decoded residual signals,(ii) inversely quantizing the decoded residual signals and skipping theinverse transform for the inversely quantized residual signals, and(iii) inversely quantizing the decoded residual signals and inverselytransforming the inversely quantized residual signals.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an exemplary diagram showing blocks for encoding list0 motionvectors to be encoded according to an aspect,

FIG. 2 is an exemplary diagram showing blocks for encoding list1 motionvectors to be encoded according to an aspect,

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a motion vector encoding apparatusaccording to an aspect,

FIG. 4 is a schematic flow diagram showing a motion vector encodingmethod according to an aspect,

FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a motion vector decoding apparatusaccording to an aspect,

FIG. 6 is a schematic flow diagram showing a motion vector decodingmethod according to an aspect,

FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing an image encoding apparatus accordingto an aspect,

FIG. 8 is a schematic flow diagram showing an image encoding methodaccording to an aspect,

FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing an image decoding apparatus accordingto an aspect, and

FIG. 10 is a schematic flow diagram showing an image decoding methodaccording to an aspect.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Hereinafter, aspects of the present disclosure will be described indetail with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the followingdescription, the same elements will be designated by the same referencenumerals although they are shown in different drawings. Further, in thefollowing description of the present disclosure, a detailed descriptionof known functions and configurations incorporated herein will beomitted when it may make the subject matter of the present disclosurerather unclear.

Also, in describing the components of the present disclosure, there maybe terms used like first, second, A, B, (a), and (b). These are solelyfor the purpose of differentiating one component from the other but notto imply or suggest the substances, order or sequence of the components.If a component were described as ‘connected’, ‘coupled’, or ‘linked’ toanother component, they may mean the components are not only directly‘connected’, ‘coupled’, or ‘linked’ but also are indirectly ‘connected’,‘coupled’, or ‘linked’ via a third component.

Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide to more accuratelypredict a predicted motion vector of the current motion vector formultiple reference pictures and reduce the bit quantity required forencoding of motion vectors, so as to improve the compression efficiency.

FIG. 1 is an exemplary diagram showing blocks for encoding list0 currentmotion vectors according to an aspect.

All blocks shown in FIG. 1 correspond to blocks which refer to areference picture having a reference picture identifier of list0. InFIG. 1, block D is a current block having a current motion vector (MV),which is a motion vector to be currently encoded, and blocks A, B, and Care “adjacent blocks” with respect to block D.

Referring to FIG. 1, MV^(A0), MV^(B0), MV^(C0), and MV^(D0) are motionvectors (each of which will be hereinafter referred to as a “list0motion vector”) referring to the list0 reference picture, which arecontained in blocks A, B, C, and D, respectively, and they arerespectively defined as having horizontal components (MV^(A0) _(x),MV^(B0) _(x), MV^(C0) _(x), and MV^(D0) _(x)) and vertical components(MV^(A0) _(y), MV^(B0) _(y), MV^(C0) _(y), and MV^(D0) _(y)). As usedherein, the list0 motion vector MV^(D0) of the current block, block D,is called “list0 current motion vector”. It is assumed that the list0current motion vector MV^(D0) is (2, 0), and the adjacent blocks' motionvectors MV^(A0), MV^(B0), and MV^(C0) are respectively (2, 0), (2, 1),and (2, 2).

A list0 predicted motion vector PMV^(D0) for the current motion vectorof current block D is calculated as in Equation 1 defined below, and thelist0 predicted motion vector PMV^(D0) is defined as having a horizontalcomponent PMV^(D0) _(x) and a vertical component PMV^(D0) _(y).

$\begin{matrix}{{PMV}^{D\; 0} = {\begin{bmatrix}{PMV}_{x}^{D\; 0} \\{PMV}_{y}^{D\; 0}\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}{F\left( {{MV}_{x}^{A\; 0},{MV}_{x}^{B\; 0},{MV}_{x}^{C\; 0}} \right)} \\{F\left( {{MV}_{y}^{A\; 0},{MV}_{y}^{B\; 0},{MV}_{y}^{C\; 0}} \right)}\end{bmatrix}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 1}\end{matrix}$

Reviewing Equation 1, it can be seen that the list0 predicted motionvector PMV^(D0) for the list0 current motion vector can be calculatedusing a particular function F( ), wherein list0 motion vectors MV^(A0),MV^(B0), and MV^(C0) of adjacent blocks A, B, and C are used asvariables of the particular function F( ).

FIG. 2 is an exemplary diagram showing blocks for encoding list1 currentmotion vectors according to an aspect.

All blocks shown in FIG. 2 correspond to blocks which refer to areference picture having a reference picture identifier of list1. InFIG. 2, block D is a current block having a current motion vector, whichis a motion vector to be currently encoded, and is assumed to be thesame block as block D shown in FIG. 1. Blocks A, B, and C are adjacentblocks with respect to block D, and are assumed to be the same blocks asblocks A, B, and C shown in FIG. 1.

Referring to FIG. 2, MV^(A1), MV^(B1), MV^(C1), and MV^(D1) are list1motion vectors contained in blocks A, B, C, and D, respectively.Further, they are defined as having horizontal components (MV^(A1) _(x),MV^(B1) _(x), MV^(C1) _(x), and MV^(D1) _(x)) and vertical components(MV^(A1) _(y), MV^(B1) _(y), MV^(C1) _(y), and MV^(D1) _(y)),respectively. As used herein, the list1 motion vector MV^(D1) of thecurrent block, block D, is called “list1 current motion vector”. Asshown in FIG. 2, it is assumed that the list1 current motion vectorMV^(D1) is (0, 2), and the list1 motion vectors MV^(A1), MV^(B1), andMV^(C1) of the adjacent blocks' are respectively (0, 2), (1, 1), and (2,0). A predicted motion vector for the list1 current motion vector of thecurrent block D is called “list1 predicted motion vector PMV^(D1)”. Thelist1 predicted motion vector is calculated as in Equation 2 definedbelow, and is defined as having a horizontal component PMV^(D1) _(x) anda vertical component PMV^(D1) _(y).

$\begin{matrix}{{PMV}^{D\; 1} = {\begin{bmatrix}{PMV}_{x}^{D\; 1} \\{PMV}_{y}^{D\; 1}\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}{F\left( {{MV}_{x}^{A\; 1},{MV}_{x}^{B\; 1},{MV}_{x}^{C\; 1}} \right)} \\{F\left( {{MV}_{y}^{A\; 1},{MV}_{y}^{B\; 1},{MV}_{y}^{C\; 1}} \right)}\end{bmatrix}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 2}\end{matrix}$

Reviewing Equation 2, it is noted that the list1 predicted motion vectorPMV^(D1) for the list1 current motion vector can be calculated withlist1 motion vectors MV^(A1), MV^(B1), and MV^(C1) of adjacent blocks A,B, and C used as variables of a particular function F( ).

In H.264/AVC standard, the list0 predicted motion vector for the list0current motion vector and the list1 predicted motion vector for thelist1 current motion vector are calculated with a function forcalculating a median used as the particular function (F( )). In otherwords, the list0 predicted motion vector PMV^(D0) for the list0 currentmotion vector is obtained as the median of the motion vectors MV^(A0),MV^(B0), and MV^(C0) of the adjacent blocks A, B, and C, and the list1predicted motion vector PMV^(D1) for the list1 current motion vector isobtained as the median of the motion vectors MV^(A1), MV^(B1), andMV^(C1) of the adjacent blocks A, B, and C. The list0 predicted motionvector PMV^(D0) for the list0 current motion vector MV^(D0) is expressedas Equation 3 below, and the list1 predicted motion vector PMV^(D1) forthe list1 current motion vector MV^(D1) is expressed as Equation 4below.

$\begin{matrix}{{PMV}^{D\; 0} = {\begin{bmatrix}{PMV}_{x}^{D\; 0} \\{PMV}_{y}^{D\; 0}\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}{{median}\left( {{MV}_{x}^{A\; 0},{MV}_{x}^{B\; 0},{MV}_{x}^{C\; 0}} \right)} \\{{median}\left( {{MV}_{y}^{A\; 0},{MV}_{y}^{B\; 0},{MV}_{y}^{C\; 0}} \right)}\end{bmatrix}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 3} \\{{PMV}^{D\; 1} = {\begin{bmatrix}{PMV}_{x}^{D\; 1} \\{PMV}_{y}^{D\; 1}\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}{{median}\left( {{MV}_{x}^{A\; 1},{MV}_{x}^{B\; 1},{MV}_{x}^{C\; 1}} \right)} \\{{median}\left( {{MV}_{y}^{A\; 1},{MV}_{y}^{B\; 1},{MV}_{y}^{C\; 1}} \right)}\end{bmatrix}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 4}\end{matrix}$

The list0 predicted motion vector PMV^(D0) of the list0 current motionvector MV^(D0) is obtained by using Equation 1 (or Equation 3), and thelist1 predicted motion vector PMV^(D0) of the list1 current motionvector MV^(D1) is obtained by using Equation 2 (or Equation 4). Then,Equation 5 may be used to obtain a list0 differential motion vectorDMV^(D0) (also called “list0 motion vector residual signal”) generatedby subtracting the list0 predicted motion vector PMV^(D0) from the list0current motion vector MV^(D0) desired to be compressed. Also, Equation 6may be used to obtain a list1 differential motion vector DMV^(D1) (alsocalled “list1 motion vector residual signal”) generated by subtractingthe list1 predicted motion vector PMV^(D1) from the list1 current motionvector MV^(D1) desired to be compressed. The list0 differential motionvector DMV^(D0) and the list1 differential motion vector DMV^(D1) arethen encoded by a predefined method such as an entropy encoding fortransmission.

$\begin{matrix}{{DMV}^{D\; 0} = {{{MV}^{D\; 0} - {PMV}^{D\; 0}} = \begin{bmatrix}{{MV}_{x}^{D\; 0} - {PMV}_{x}^{D\; 0}} \\{{MV}_{y}^{D\; 0} - {PMV}_{y}^{D\; 0}}\end{bmatrix}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 5} \\{{DMV}^{D\; 1} = {{{MV}^{D\; 1} - {PMV}^{D\; 1}} = \begin{bmatrix}{{MV}_{x}^{D\; 1} - {PMV}_{x}^{D\; 1}} \\{{MV}_{y}^{D\; 1} - {PMV}_{y}^{D\; 1}}\end{bmatrix}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 6}\end{matrix}$

As illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, if the list0 current motion vectorMV^(D0) is valued (2, 0) and if Equation 3 is used to calculate themedian as the list0 predicted motion vector PMV^(D0), its list0predicted motion vector PMV^(D0) becomes (2, 1). Further, if the list1current motion vector MV^(D1) is valued (0, 2) and if Equation 4 is usedto calculate the median as the list1 predicted motion vector PMV^(D1),its list1 predicted motion vector PMV^(D1) becomes (1, 1).

Such a known vector encoding method using a median as the list0predicted motion vector or the list1 predicted motion vector allows theencoding apparatus and decoding apparatus to previously agree upon usingthe median for calculation of the predicted motion vector, so as toobviate the existing need to encode and transmit “additionalinformation” on the identification of motion vectors used as the list0predicted motion vector of the list0 current motion vector and the list1predicted motion vector of the list1 current motion vector, and henceimproves the encoding efficiency, that is, the compression efficiency.

However, as noted above, the list0 predicted motion vector PMV^(D0)calculated by using the median may differ from the original list0current motion vector MV^(D0), and the list1 predicted motion vectorPMV^(D1) calculated by using the median may differ from the originallist1 current motion vector MV^(D1). It is noted from the examples ofFIGS. 1 and 2 that the list0 predicted motion vector PMV^(D0) (2, 1)calculated by using the median is different from the list0 currentmotion vector MV^(D0) of (2, 0), and an attempt to use Equation 5 forlist0 differential motion vector DMV^(D0) will yield a list0differential motion vector to be encoded of DMV^(D0) that is (0, −1).Also, it is noted that the list1 predicted motion vector PMV^(D1) (1, 1)calculated by using the median is different from the list1 currentmotion vector MV^(D1) of (0, 2), and an attempt to use Equation 6 forlist1 differential motion vector DMV^(D1) will yield a list1differential motion vector to be encoded of DMV^(D1) that is (−1, 1).

Instead, if the block A's list0 motion vector MV^(A0) of (2, 0) is usedas the list0 predicted motion vector PMV^(D0), there is no differenceoccurring with respect to the original list0 current motion vectorMV^(D0) of (2, 0), and executing Equation 5 for the list0 differentialmotion vector DMV^(D0) will yield a list0 differential motion vectorDMV^(D0) to be encoded that is (0, 0). If the block A's list1 motionvector MV^(A1) of (0, 2) is used as the list1 predicted motion vectorPMV^(D1) of (0, 2), there is no difference occurring with respect to theoriginal list1 current motion vector MV^(D1) of (0, 2), and executingEquation 6 for the list1 differential motion vector DMV^(D1) will yielda list1 differential motion vector DMV^(D1) to be encoded that is (0,0).

In other words, compared with using the median to have the list0predicted motion vector PMV^(D0) calculated as (2, 1), applying theblock A's list0 motion vector MV^(A0) of (2, 0) as the list0 predictedmotion vector PMV^(D0) to have the list0 differential motion vectorDMV^(D0) of (0, 0) can effectively reduce the bit quantity needed toencode the same. Also, compared with using the median to have the list1predicted motion vector PMV^(D1) calculated as (1, 1), applying theblock A's list1 motion vector MV^(A1) of (0, 2) as the list1 predictedmotion vector PMV^(D1) to have the list1 differential motion vectorDMV^(D1) of (0, 0) can effectively reduce the bit quantity needed toencode the same.

However, in the known motion vector encoding method using the median, itis required to always use the median for calculation of the list0predicted motion vector PMV^(D0) of the list0 current motion vectorMV^(D0), which makes it impossible to adopt the block A's list0 motionvector MV^(A0) for use as the list0 predicted motion vector PMV^(D0).Moreover, it is required to always use the median for calculation of thelist1 predicted motion vector PMV^(D1) of the list1 current motionvector MV^(D1), which makes it impossible to adopt the block A's list1motion vector MV^(A1) for use as the list1 predicted motion vectorPMV^(D1).

Even when the block A's list0 motion vector MV^(A0) is used as the list0predicted motion vector PMV^(D0), it is necessary to prepare and deliver“extra information” on which list0 motion vector among MV^(A0), MV^(B0),and MV^(C0) is used as the list0 predicted motion vector PMV^(D0). Also,even when the block A's list1 motion vector MV^(A1) is used as the list1predicted motion vector PMV^(D1), it is necessary to prepare and deliver“extra information” on which list1 motion vector among MV^(A1), MV^(B1),and MV^(C1) is used as the list1 predicted motion vector PMV^(D1).Accordingly, the encoding of the extra information counteracts theefforts to secure a better compression efficiency.

In view of this, a motion vector encoding method for multiple referencepictures according to an aspect of the present disclosure enables a moreexact selection of a predicted motion vector for multiple referencepictures, so as to enable the use of a more exactly predicted motionvector in the motion vector encoding. Further, a motion vector encodingmethod for multiple reference pictures according to an aspect of thepresent disclosure not only achieves an improvement of the encodingefficiency through a more exact selection of a predicted motion vector,but can also remove the inefficiency of transmitting extra informationin order to notify a predicted motion vector for multiple selectedreference pictures.

Hereinafter, a more detailed description on embodiments of the presentdisclosure will be given by using blocks A, B, C, D shown in FIG. 1 andtheir respective list0 motion vectors MV^(A0), MV^(B0), MV^(C0), andMV^(D0), and blocks A, B, C, D shown in FIG. 2 and their respectivelist1 motion vectors MV^(A1), MV^(B1), MV^(C1), and MV^(D1).

Although the list0 motion vectors MV^(A0), MV^(B0), MV^(C0), and MV^(D0)and the list1 motion vectors MV^(A1), MV^(B1), MV^(C1), and MV^(D1) areconveniently depicted as 2-dimensional vectors with their vertical andhorizontal components in FIGS. 1 and 2, it is not self-limiting and justfor convenience of description. Specifically, the motion vectorencoding/decoding of the disclosure is readily applicable ton-dimensional motion vectors. In addition, the depiction of FIGS. 1 and2 uses only three spatially adjacent blocks A, B, and C with respect tothe current block at D although there may be one or more temporally orspatially adjacent blocks in their places within the disclosure.

Further, in FIGS. 1 and 2, although the motion vectors for the referencepicture include the list0 motion vectors MV^(A0), MV^(B0), MV^(C0), andMV^(D0) and the list1 motion vectors MV^(A1), MV^(B1), MV^(C1), andMV^(D1). However, since B picture has either one or both of list0 andlist1 reference pictures, all of the motion vectors for the tworeference pictures of list0 and list1 are not always indispensable.Moreover, B picture may have more than two reference pictures. In thisoccasion, the reference pictures can be expressed as list0, list1, . . ., list#n reference pictures, and their motion pictures can be expressedas list0, list1, . . . , list#n motion vectors.

In accordance with an aspect, the motion vector prediction modes includea predictability mode and an unpredictability mode. The predictabilitymode refers to a mode to indicate that a motion vector encodingapparatus or an image encoding apparatus can predict a predicted motionvector (optimum motion vector) determined for a current motion vector,which is a motion vector of the current block, according to thepredetermined criteria or method in the motion vector encoding apparatusor image encoding apparatus. The unpredictability mode refers to a modeto indicate that the motion vector encoding apparatus or image encodingapparatus cannot predict the optimum motion vector.

As used herein, the optimum motion vector is just to name the currentvector's predicted motion vector obtained following the predeterminedcriteria or method in the motion vector encoding apparatus, and it isnot to say the so obtained predicted motion vector has an always optimumpredicted value. Further, default motion vectors refer to list0 andlist1 predicted motion vectors generated according to a criteria ormethod (for example, median calculation method), which is commonlypreset or predetermined in the motion vector encoding apparatus or imageencoding apparatus and the motion vector decoding apparatus or imagedecoding apparatus.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a motion vector encoding apparatusaccording to an aspect.

Referring to FIG. 3, the motion vector encoding apparatus 300 accordingto an aspect includes an optimum motion vector determiner 310, a motionvector encoding mode determiner 320, a first motion vector encoder 330,and a second motion vector encoder 340.

The optimum motion vector determiner 310 determines an optimum motionvector for a plurality of reference pictures of a current motion vectorof a current block. That is, the optimum motion vector determiner 310defines a set or sets of candidate motion vectors selectable as list0and list1 optimum motion vectors from list0 and list1 current motionvectors of the current block, and determines one candidate motion vectorselected from the defined list0 and list1 candidate motion vectors aslist0 and list1 optimum motion vectors, respectively. The set of list0and list1 candidate motion vectors may include one or more candidatemotion vectors.

Here, the optimum motion vector determiner 310 may either separatelydefine a candidate motion vector set for the list0 optimum motion vectorand a candidate motion vector set for the list1 optimum motion vector ordefine a common (shared) candidate motion vector set for the list0optimum motion vector and the list1 optimum motion vector. In the caseof separately defining a candidate motion vector set for the list0optimum motion vector and a candidate motion vector set for the list1optimum motion vector, the optimum motion vector determiner 310 selectsthe candidate motion vector set for the list0 optimum motion vector fromcandidate motion vectors referring to the list0 reference picture whenselecting the list0 optimum motion vector, and selects the candidatemotion vector set for the list1 optimum motion vector from candidatemotion vectors referring to the list1 reference picture when selectingthe list1 optimum motion vector.

In the case of defining a common candidate motion vector set for thelist0 optimum motion vector and the list1 optimum motion vector, theoptimum motion vector determiner 310 properly scales candidate motionvectors referring to the list1 reference picture among the commoncandidate motion vectors (including candidate motion vectors for thelist0 optimum motion vector and candidate motion vectors for the list1optimum motion vector) shared when selecting the list0 optimum motionvector in consideration of the temporal distance and selects theproperly scaled candidate motion vectors as candidate motion vectors forthe list0 optimum motion vector, and properly scales candidate motionvectors referring to the list0 reference picture among the commoncandidate motion vectors shared when selecting the list1 optimum motionvector in consideration of the temporal distance and selects theproperly scaled candidate motion vectors as candidate motion vectors forthe list1 optimum motion vector.

Further, the optimum motion vector determiner 310 may scan one or moreadjacent blocks for the current block, calculate and collect list0 andlist1 motion vectors of the scanned adjacent blocks, and select thecollected list0 and list1 motion vectors as a candidate motion vectorset. Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the candidate motion vector set may be{MV^(A), MV^(B), MV^(C)} consisting of motion vectors of the adjacentblocks A, B, and C positioned at left, upper, and upper right sides ofthe current block D.

According to the necessity or implementing method, the optimum motionvector determiner 310 may select a wider variety of motion vectors as acandidate motion vector set. For example, motion vectors of a block,which is located at the same position as that of the current block, in areference picture previously existing on the temporal axis or motionvectors of the block located at the left upper end on the spatial axismay also be selected as the candidate motion vector set. Moreover,another motion vector selected using these motion vectors (such as anaverage or a median of one or more motion vectors) may also be includedin the candidate motion vector set. The candidate motion vector set maybe defined in various ways based on an assumption that the definition ofthe candidate motion vector set is previously set in a motion vectorencoding apparatus and a motion vector decoding apparatus. When a partof all of the candidate motion vectors in the candidate motion vectorset have the same value, only candidate motion vectors having differentvalues may be selected.

The optimum motion vector determiner 310 selects one candidate motionvector from the candidate motion vector set determined by variousmethods, and determines the selected candidate motion vector as thelist0 or list1 optimum motion vector. The optimum motion vectordeterminer 310 calculates selection function values for each of thecandidate motion vectors by using a selection function preset in amotion vector encoding apparatus and a motion vector decoding apparatus,and determines one of the candidate motion vectors as the list0 or list1optimum motion vector based on the calculated selection function values.

For example, the selection function value described above may includeone or more combinations of a bit quantity required for encoding list0and list1 differential motion vectors of the one or more respectivecandidate motion vectors included in the determined candidate motionvector set against the list0 and list1 current motion vectors, themagnitude of the list0 and list1 differential motion vectors of the oneor more respective candidate motion vectors included in the determinedcandidate motion vector set against the list0 and list1 current motionvectors, and a bit quantity required to encode the motion vectorprediction mode. With the bit quantity of the differential vector usedas the selection function value, the optimum motion vector determiner310 may calculate the bit quantity required to encode the list0 andlist1 differential motion vectors for each of the one or more candidatemotion vectors in the determined candidate motion vector set, and selectthe candidate motion vector having the least or minimum of thecalculated bit quantity as the list0 or list1 optimum motion vector.

As an alternative example, the optimum motion vector determiner 310 maydetermine the list0 or list1 optimum motion vector by usingrate-distortion optimization, which simultaneously considers therequired bit rate for encoding when one motion vector is selected fromthe selected one or more candidate motion vectors, and the subsequentquality of the reconstructed video. At this time, the selection functionvalue as described above may be rate-distortion cost.

As a still another example, the optimum motion vector determiner 310 mayuse Lagrangian cost function defined by Equations 7, 8, and 9 below asthe selection function for determining the list0 and list1 optimummotion vector. At this time also, the selection function value asdescribed above may be Lagrangian cost.J ⁰(n,k)=D ⁰(n,k)+λ⁰ ×R _(M) ⁰(n,k)  Equation 7J ¹(n,k)=D ¹(n,k)+λ¹ ×R _(M) ¹(n,k)  Equation 8J(n,k)=J ⁰(n,k)+J ¹(n,k)+λ×R _(H)(n,k)×w  Equation 9

Here, J is Lagrangian cost, J⁰ is Lagrangian cost for the list0reference picture, J¹ is Lagrangian cost for the list1 referencepicture, D⁰ is the difference between the original image and an imagereconstructed using the list0 reference picture, D¹ is the differencebetween the original image and an image reconstructed using the list1reference picture, and λ, λ⁰, and λ¹ are Lagrangian multipliers. R_(H)is the bit quantity required to encode the motion vector predictionmode, R⁰ _(M) is the bit quantity required to encode the differentialvector of the list0 current motion vector, and R¹ _(M) is the bitquantity required to encode the differential vector of the list1 currentmotion vector.

Further, w is a weight having a value of 1 or 2 according to theimplementation method. In an aspect, when respective motion vectorencoding modes are determined for the list0 and list1 referencepictures, w may have a value of 2 since there are two motion vectorencoding modes. In another aspect, when a single motion vector encodingmode is determined for the list0 and list1 reference pictures, w mayhave a value of 1 due to the single motion vector encoding mode.

In Equations 7 to 9, J, J⁰, J¹, D⁰, D¹, R_(H), R⁰ _(M), and R¹ _(M) areall defined by n for representing the number of the current picturewhere the current block is and k for representing the number of thecurrent block. Therefore, the use of Lagrangian cost to determine theoptimum motion vector may be selectively applied in units of a pictureor a block. Further, during the selection of the optimum motion vector,if there is no change in the error D between the original image data andreconstructed image data or if an easier calculation is desired, out ofEquations 7 and 8 calculation for Lagrangian cost J it is allowable todelete D⁰, D¹, λ, λ⁰, and λ¹ for simplification.

In the course of calculating Lagrangian cost, R_(H) in Equation 9 is thebit quantity required to encode the motion vector prediction mode, R⁰_(M) and R¹ _(M) are the bit quantities required to encode thedifferential vector against the current motion vector, and theircalculation methods change by the motion vector prediction modes.Specifically, if the motion vector prediction mode is anunpredictability mode, R⁰ _(M) and R¹ _(M) may be the bit quantityrequired to encode list0 and list1 differential vectors corresponding tothe difference between the list0 and list1 current motion vectors andlist0 and list1 predicted motion vectors (hereinafter, referred to as“list0 and list1 default motion vector”) generated by a predefinedmethod such as a median calculation. In addition, if the motion vectorprediction mode is a predictability mode, R⁰ _(M) and R¹ _(M) may be thebit quantity required to encode list0 and list1 differential vectorscorresponding to the difference between the list0 and list1 currentmotion vectors and the determined list0 and list1 optimum motionvectors.

Further, instead of determining the list0 and list1 optimum motionvectors using Lagrangian cost function in Equations 7 to 9 as theselection function, the optimum motion vector determiner 310 maydetermine the list0 and list1 optimum motion vectors by using a moregeneralized selection function as defined by Equations 10 and 11 below.However, Equations 10 and 11 are expressed based on an assumption thatthe list0 current motion vector of the current block to be encoded isthe motion vector MV^(D0) of the block D in FIG. 1, and the list1current motion vector of the current block to be encoded is the motionvector MV^(D1) of the block D in FIG. 2.

$\begin{matrix}{{PMV}_{enc}^{0} = {\underset{{PMVC} \in {CS}}{\arg\;\min}{h\left( {{PMVC}^{0}❘{MV}^{D\; 0}} \right)}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 10}\end{matrix}$

In Equation 10, PMV⁰ _(enc) is the determined list0 optimum motionvector and PMVC⁰ represents an element (motion vector) belonging to aset of candidate motion vectors (CS) made available to select the list0optimum motion vector of the current motion vector MV^(D0). “h( )” is aselection function for selecting the list0 optimum motion vector for thecurrent motion vector MV^(D0).

$\begin{matrix}{{PMV}_{enc}^{1} = {\underset{{PMVC} \in {CS}}{\arg\;\min}{h\left( {{PMVC}^{1}❘{MV}^{D\; 1}} \right)}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 11}\end{matrix}$

In Equation 11, PMV¹ _(enc) is the list1 optimum motion vector and PMVC¹represents an element (motion vector) belonging to a set of candidatemotion vectors (CS) made available to select the list1 optimum motionvector of the current motion vector MV^(D1).

In Equations 10 and 11, “h( )” is a selection function for selecting thelist1 optimum motion vector for the current motion vector MV^(D1). Anexample of the selection function h( ) for use may be either the bitquantity required to perform the difference operation on the list0 andlist1 current motion vectors and encode the result or the sum of therequired bit quantity for the difference operation of the list0 andlist1 current motion vectors and encoding its result and the requiredbit quantity for encoding the motion vector prediction mode. Inaddition, for the sake of a simplified calculation, the actuallyrequired bit quantity may be replaced by the size of list0 and list1differential vectors, i.e. the difference between the list0 and list1current motion vector and the list0 and list1 optimum motion vector.More generally, assuming both an encoding apparatus and a decodingapparatus have prior knowledge of the definition of the selectionfunction h( ), it can be variably defined for application. With such aselection function h( ) given, it is possible to select one candidatemotion vector PMVC⁰ to optimize the selection function h( ) from thecandidate motion vector set CS that includes the candidate motionvectors for the optimum motion vector, as the optimum motion vector PMV⁰_(enc).

The motion vector encoding mode determiner 320 determines the motionvector encoding mode according to whether the motion vector decodingapparatus can predict an optimum motion vector for multiple referencepictures. That is, the motion vector encoding mode determiner 320determines the motion vector encoding mode as a predictability mode oran unpredictability mode according to whether the motion vector decodingapparatus can predict the optimum motion vector determined by theoptimum motion vector determiner 310, and controls the first motionvector encoder 330 or the second motion vector encoder 340 to encode thelist0 and list1 current motion vectors according to the determinedmotion vector encoding mode.

Here, the motion vector encoding mode determiner 320 calculates valuesof decision function for each of the candidate motion vectors by using adecision function predefined between the motion vector encodingapparatus and the motion vector decoding apparatus, determines list0 andlist1 estimated optimum motion vectors for the list0 and list1 currentmotion vectors by selecting respective candidate motion vectors from theone or more candidate motion vectors based on the calculated values ofdecision function, and performs a comparison between the determinedlist0 and list1 estimated optimum motion vectors and the determinedlist0 and list1 optimum motion vectors, thereby determining if themotion vector decoding apparatus can predict the list0 and list1 optimummotion vectors.

For example, the list0 and list1 differential vectors calculated usingthe list0 and list1 optimum motion vectors PMV⁰ _(enc) and PMV¹ _(enc),a finite number of candidate motion vectors available to become thecandidates for the predicted motion vector, reference picture data foruse in the motion compensation, previously reconstructed adjacent blockinformation, and a residual signal corresponding to the differenceagainst the predicted pixel value of a predicted block generated bymotion-compensating the pixel value of the current block can be used todetermine whether the motion vector decoding apparatus can predict thelist0 and list1 optimum motion vectors.

To this end, the motion vector encoding mode determiner 320 determinesan estimated optimum motion vector PMV⁰ _(dec) by using differentialvectors DMV^(D0)(=MV^(D0)−PMV⁰ _(enc)) against the list0 current motionvector MV^(D0) to be calculated and transmitted by the motion vectorencoding apparatus 300, previously reconstructed adjacent blockinformation, reference picture data for use in motion compensating, anda decision function as defined by Equation 12 below, and determines anestimated optimum motion vector PMV¹ _(dec) by using differentialvectors DMV^(D1)(=MV^(D1)−PMV¹ _(enc)) against the list1 current motionvector MV^(D1) to be transmitted, previously reconstructed adjacentblock information, reference picture data for use in motioncompensating, and a decision function as defined by Equation 13 below.

$\begin{matrix}{\begin{matrix}{{PMV}_{dec}^{0} = {\underset{{PMVC} \in {CS}}{\arg\;\min}{g\left( {{PMVC}^{0}❘{DMV}^{D\; 0}} \right)}}} \\{= {\underset{{PMVC} \in {CS}}{\arg\;\min}{g\left( {{PMVC}^{0}❘{{MV}^{D\; 0} - {PMV}_{enc}^{0}}} \right)}}}\end{matrix}\quad} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 12}\end{matrix}$

In Equation 12, decision function g( ) is to let the motion vectorencoding mode determiner 320 of the motion vector encoding apparatus 300determine if the motion vector encoding apparatus or the motion vectordecoding apparatus could predict the list0 optimum motion vector PMV⁰_(enc) by using the list0 differential vector and the previouslyreconstructed adjacent block information. Further, the decision functiong( ) may be used for determining the list0 estimated optimum motionvector in the motion vector decoding apparatus.

$\begin{matrix}{\begin{matrix}{{PMV}_{dec}^{0} = {\underset{{PMVC} \in {CS}}{\arg\;\min}{g\left( {{PMVC}^{0}❘{DMV}^{D\; 0}} \right)}}} \\{= {\underset{{PMVC} \in {CS}}{\arg\;\min}{g\left( {{PMVC}^{0}❘{{MV}^{D\; 0} - {PMV}_{enc}^{0}}} \right)}}}\end{matrix}\quad} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 13}\end{matrix}$

In Equation 13, decision function g( ) is to let the motion vectorencoding mode determiner 320 of the motion vector encoding apparatus 300determine if the motion vector encoding apparatus or the motion vectordecoding apparatus could predict the list1 optimum motion vector PMV¹_(enc) by using the list1 differential vector and the previouslyreconstructed adjacent block information. Further, the decision functiong( ) may be used for determining the list1 estimated optimum motionvector in the motion vector decoding apparatus. The decision function g() may be defined in various ways based on an assumption that the motionvector encoding apparatus 300 and the motion vector decoding apparatushave prior knowledge of the definition of the decision function g( ).

By means of Equation 12, the motion vector encoding mode determiner 320performs an advance calculation of the list0 estimated optimum motionvector PMV⁰ _(dec) to be estimated by the motion vector decodingapparatus, and then determines if the motion vector decoding apparatuscan correctly predict the list0 optimum motion vector PMV⁰ _(enc) andobtain the correctly reconstructed video data by using the list0differential vector DMV^(D0)(=MV^(D0)−PMV⁰ _(enc)). In other words, themotion vector encoding mode determiner 320 rehearses the process ofdetermining the list0 estimated optimum motion vector, which the imagedecoding apparatus will perform, and uses a result of the rehearsal,i.e. the list0 estimated optimum motion vector, in its own motion vectorencoding process.

By means of Equation 13, the motion vector encoding mode determiner 320performs an advance calculation of the list1 estimated optimum motionvector PMV¹ _(dec) to be estimated by the motion vector decodingapparatus, and then determines if the motion vector decoding apparatuscan correctly predict the list1 optimum motion vector PMV¹ _(enc) andobtain the correctly reconstructed video data by using the list1differential vector DMV^(D1)(=MV^(D1)−PMV¹ _(enc)). In other words, themotion vector encoding mode determiner 320 rehearses the process ofdetermining the list1 estimated optimum motion vector, which the imagedecoding apparatus will perform, and uses a result of the rehearsal,i.e. the list1 estimated optimum motion vector, in its own motion vectorencoding process.

For example, when the list0 estimated optimum motion vector PMV⁰ _(dec)calculated using Equation 12 by the motion vector encoding modedeterminer 320 is equal to the list0 optimum motion vector PMV⁰ _(enc)determined by the optimum motion vector determiner 310, the motionvector decoding apparatus can correctly reconstruct the current motionvector MV^(D0) and thus obtain the correctly reconstructed video data byadding its own estimation of the list0 estimated optimum motion vectorPMV⁰ _(dec) to the list0 differential vector DMV^(D0) supplied by themotion vector encoding apparatus.

In addition, when the list1 estimated optimum motion vector PMV¹ _(dec)calculated using Equation 13 by the motion vector encoding modedeterminer 320 is equal to the list1 optimum motion vector PMV¹ _(enc)determined by the optimum motion vector determiner 310, the motionvector decoding apparatus can correctly reconstruct the current motionvector MV^(D1) and thus obtain the correctly reconstructed video data byadding its own estimation of the list1 estimated optimum motion vectorPMV¹ _(dec) to the list1 differential vector DMV^(D1) supplied by themotion vector encoding apparatus.

Therefore, when the list0 and list1 predicted motion vectors PMV⁰ _(enc)and PMV¹ _(enc) determined by the optimum motion vector determiner 310are equal to the list0 and list1 estimated optimum motion vectors PMV⁰_(dec) and PMV¹ _(dec) estimated to be predicted by the motion vectordecoding apparatus, the motion vector encoding mode determiner 320determines that the motion vector decoding apparatus can predict thelist0 and list1 predicted motion vectors PMV⁰ _(enc) and PMV¹ _(enc), orelse, it determines that the motion vector decoding apparatus cannotpredict them.

Or, depending on aspects, even when the list0 and list1 predicted motionvectors PMV⁰ _(enc) and PMV¹ _(enc) determined by the optimum motionvector determiner 310 differ by less than a predetermined vectorboundary value from the list0 and list1 estimated optimum motion vectorsPMV⁰ _(dec) and PMV¹ _(dec) estimated to be predicted by the motionvector decoding apparatus, the motion vector encoding mode determiner320 may determine that the motion vector decoding apparatus can predictthe list0 and list1 predicted motion vectors PMV⁰ _(enc) and PMV¹_(enc), or else, it may determine that the motion vector decodingapparatus cannot predict them. The predetermined vector boundary valuerefers to a value that can be freely set based on the unit of the motionvector size through a calculation or experience.

According to another aspect, in a case where the video compression rateis high, video pixel values have little change, or video motion vectorsare somewhat constant, even though the list0 predicted motion vectorPMV⁰ _(enc) is not equal to or differs by less than a predeterminedvector boundary value from the list0 estimated optimum motion vectorPMV⁰ _(dec), when a motion compensated video data by the list0 currentmotion vector reconstructed using the list0 estimated optimum motionvector PMV⁰ _(dec) (or by MV^(D0)=DMV^(D0)+PMV⁰ _(dec)) is identicalwith the motion compensated video data by the list0 current motionvector reconstructed using the list0 optimum motion vector PMV⁰ _(enc)(or by MV^(D0)=DMV^(D0)+PMV⁰ _(enc)), the motion vector encoding modedeterminer 320 determines that the motion vector decoding apparatus canpredict the list0 predicted motion vector PMV⁰ _(enc), or else, itdetermines that the motion vector decoding apparatus cannot predict thevector.

Also, even though the list1 predicted motion vector PMV¹ _(enc) is notequal to the list1 estimated optimum motion vector PMV¹ _(dec), when amotion compensated video data by the list1 current motion vectorreconstructed using the list1 estimated optimum motion vector PMV¹_(dec) (or by MV^(D1)=DMV^(D1)+PMV¹ _(dec)) is identical with the motioncompensated video data by the list1 current motion vector reconstructedusing the list1 optimum motion vector PMV¹ _(enc) (or byMV^(D1)=DMV^(D1)+PMV¹ _(enc)), for example, when the Sum of AbsoluteDifference (SAD) between two cases of reconstructed video data is “0”,the motion vector encoding mode determiner 320 determines that themotion vector decoding apparatus can predict the list1 predicted motionvectors PMV¹ _(enc), or else, it determines that the motion vectordecoding apparatus cannot predict the vector.

Further, depending aspects, in an effort to further drive up thecompression rate, when a motion compensated video data by the list0current motion vector reconstructed using the list0 estimated optimummotion vector PMV⁰ _(dec) (or by MV^(D0)=DMV^(D0)+PMV⁰ _(dec)) differsby less than a predetermined data boundary value from the motioncompensated video data by the list0 current motion vector reconstructedusing the list0 optimum motion vector PMV⁰ _(enc) (or byMV^(D0)=DMV^(D0)+PMV⁰ _(enc)), for example, when the SAD between twocases of reconstructed video data has a value below a predeterminedthreshold, the motion vector encoding mode determiner 320 determinesthat the motion vector decoding apparatus can predict the list0predicted motion vector PMV⁰ _(enc) by using the list0 estimated optimummotion vector PMV⁰ _(dec), or else, it determines that the motion vectordecoding apparatus cannot predict the vector. The predetermined databoundary value refers to a value that can be freely set based on theunit of data size, such as the bit quantity of data, through acalculation expression or experience.

Also, even though the list1 predicted motion vector PMV¹ _(enc) is notequal to the list1 estimated optimum motion vector PMV¹ _(dec), when amotion compensated video data by the list1 current motion vectorreconstructed using the list1 estimated optimum motion vector PMV¹_(dec) (or by MV^(D1)=DMV^(D1)+PMV¹ _(dec)) differs by less than apredetermined data boundary value from the motion compensated video databy the list1 current motion vector reconstructed using the list1 optimummotion vector PMV¹ _(enc) (or by MV^(D1)=DMV^(D1)+PMV¹ _(enc)), forexample, when the Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) between two cases ofreconstructed video data is “0”, the motion vector encoding modedeterminer 320 determines that the motion vector decoding apparatus canpredict the list1 predicted motion vectors PMV¹ _(enc) by using thelist1 estimated optimum motion vector PMV¹ _(dec), or else, itdetermines that the motion vector decoding apparatus cannot predict thevector.

Various types of decision functions may be applied to the calculation ofthe list0 and list1 estimated optimum motion vectors based on anassumption that they are preset in the motion vector encoding apparatus300 and the motion vector decoding apparatus. In the followingdescription, since a preset decision function can be applied to bothlist0 and list1, each reference picture is not discriminated betweenlist0 and list1.

For decision function g( ) of Equations 12 and 13 above, a functionusing template matching (TM) or boundary matching (BM) may be used.

As an example, in the case of applying a decision function using TM, atemplate matching pixel index set or template matching set (TMS) may bedefined as a set of indices for representing relative positions ofselected pixels with a reference to a given designated block positionand they may be exemplified by one or more pixel positions adjacent tothe designated block from its left side, upper left side, and upperside. Requirements will diversify the method. Generally speaking, themore pixels TMS indicates, the more accurate matching is possibleleaving increased calculation amount.

The template matching method, subsequent to defining a candidate motionvector set (CS) including all candidate motion vectors selectable as anestimated optimum motion vector, calculates differences between pixelsindicated by TMS for the blocks (reference blocks) designated by therespective candidate motion vectors in the defined candidate motionvector set and pixels indicated by TMS for the current block by usingEquation 14 (an example of Equations 12 and 13) below to generate thematching error with respect to each of the candidate motion vectors andselect the one having the least matching error as the above mentionedestimated optimum motion vector PMV_(dec).

$\begin{matrix}{\mspace{79mu}{{{PMV}_{dec}^{1} = {\underset{{PMVC} \in {CS}}{\arg\;\min}{g\left( {{PMVC}^{1}❘{DMV}^{D\; 1}} \right)}}}{{g\left( {{PMVC}^{1}❘{DMV}^{D\; 1}} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{i \in {TMS}}\left\lbrack {{f\left( {{{PMVC}^{1} + {DMV}^{D\; 1}},i} \right)} - {C(i)}} \right\rbrack^{2}}}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 14}\end{matrix}$

In Equation 14, (PMVC¹+DMV^(D1)) of f(PMVC¹+DMV^(D1), i) representspixel positions indicated by neighboring index i (included in TMS) withrespect to the reference block in the reference picture again indicatedby index i, and f(PMVC¹+DMV^(D1), i) refers to the pixel values at thesame positions. Further, C(i) indicates the neighboring pixel values ofthe current block indicated by i.

The decision function g(PMVC¹|DMV^(D1)) provides informative estimatesfor telling the exactness of a block reconstructed by adding a residualsignal of a residual block obtained through a difference operationbetween the current block and a predicted block, which is predictedthrough motion compensation of a reference block indicated by a motionvector PMVC¹+DMV^(D1), and a pixel value of the reference blockindicated by the motion vector PMVC¹+DMV^(D1), wherein the motion vectorPMVC¹+DMV^(D1) is calculated by adding a differential vector DMV^(D1)provided to the motion vector decoding apparatus by the motion vectorencoding apparatus 300 and a candidate motion vector PMVC¹, which is anelement of the candidate motion vector set CS. For the purposes of theestimation, Equation 14 uses a sum of a squared error. However,different applications may invite other methods such as a sum of anabsolute difference. Estimated predicted motion vector PMV¹ _(dec) mayrefer to the candidate motion vector PMVC¹, which minimizes the decisionfunction g(PMVC¹|DMV^(D1)).

In other words, the motion vector encoding mode determiner 320calculates differences of pixel values between pixels indicated by theset of template matching pixel indices (TMS) for the reference blocksdesignated by one or more respective candidate motion vectors includedin the defined candidate motion vector set and pixels indicated by thetemplate matching pixel indices for the current block, and based on thecalculated pixel value differences, executes the predefined decisionfunction to obtain the matching error for each candidate motion vectoras the value of the decision function.

As another example, the decision function using boundary pixel matchingor boundary matching (BM) is described. Similar to the earlier aspect ofTMS, the boundary matching pixel index set or boundary matching set(BMS) may be defined as a set of indices for indicating the positions ofthe pixels at the current block's leftmost and uppermost areas. Ofcourse, it may be also defined as the positions of part or all of thepixels within the current block at the block boundary depending onapplications.

Upon completion of defining the entire candidate motion vector set (CS)selectable as a predicted motion vector, in order to find whichcandidate motion vector (PMVC) is the fittest among the candidate motionvector set (CS), the boundary pixel matching is performed to select oneeffective candidate motion vector (PMVC) to minimize the boundary pixelmatching error from candidate motion vector set (CS), as the estimatedpredicted motion vector PMV¹ _(dec). For this purpose, the motion vectorencoding mode determiner 320 can calculate the matching errors containedin the respective candidate motion vectors by using not only the sum ofa squared error as in Equation 15, but also the sum of an absolutedifference and other methods.

$\begin{matrix}{{{PMV}_{dec}^{1} = {\underset{{PMVC} \in {CS}}{\arg\;\min}{g\left( {{PMVC}^{1}❘{DMV}^{D\; 1}} \right)}}}{{g\left( {{PMVC}^{1}❘{DMV}^{D\; 1}} \right)} = {\sum\limits_{i \in {BMS}}\left\lbrack {{f(i)} - {C(i)}} \right\rbrack^{2}}}} & {{Equation}\mspace{14mu} 15}\end{matrix}$

In equation 15, C(i) indicates the pixel values indicated by index iwithin the BMS among reconstructed pixels of the current blockreconstructed by adding a residual signal of a residual block obtainedthrough a difference operation between the current block and a predictedblock, which is predicted through motion compensation of a referenceblock indicated by a motion vector PMVC¹+DMV^(D1), and a pixel value ofthe reference block indicated by a motion vector PMVC¹+DMV^(D1), whereinthe motion vector PMV^(C1)+DMV^(D1) is calculated by adding adifferential vector DMV^(D1) provided to the motion vector decodingapparatus by the motion vector encoding apparatus 300 and a candidatemotion vector PMVC¹, which is an element of the candidate motion vectorset CS.

In addition, f(i) indicates the value of an immediately adjacent pixelwith respect to the pixel designated by the BMS's index i. UsingEquation 15, boundary pixel matching errors are calculated for therespective candidate motion vectors (PMVC¹) in the candidate motionvector set and a selection is made for the candidate motion vectorgenerating the least matching error, which is then determined as theestimated optimum motion vector PMV¹ _(dec). That is, the estimatedoptimum motion vector refers to a predicted motion vector to beestimated by the motion vector decoding apparatus.

In other words, the motion vector encoding mode determiner 320 maycalculate matching errors for one or more respective candidate motionvectors as the values of the decision function, wherein the calculationis based on the difference between a pixel value indicated by an indexwithin BMS out of reconstructed pixels of the current blockreconstructed through adding a residual signal of a residual blockgenerated through motion compensation using a motion vectorreconstructed by using the corresponding motion vector and thedifferential vector and a pixel value of a reference block indicated bya corresponding candidate motion vector and a differential vector foreach of one or more candidate motion vectors included in the selectedcandidate motion vector set, a pixel value indicated by the index of theBMS out of boundary pixels within adjacent blocks adjacent to thecurrent block.

Further, the motion vector encoding mode determiner 320 may determinethe motion vector encoding mode according to whether the motion vectordecoding apparatus can predict all optimum motion vectors for multiplereference pictures. Specifically, the motion vector encoding modedeterminer 320 determines a predictability mode as the motion vectorencoding mode when the motion vector decoding apparatus can predict allthe optimum motion vectors for multiple reference pictures, anddetermines an unpredictability mode as the motion vector encoding modewhen the motion vector decoding apparatus cannot predict all the optimummotion vectors for multiple reference pictures.

Further, the motion vector encoding mode determiner 320 may individuallydetermine the motion vector encoding mode for each of multiple optimummotion vectors for multiple reference pictures according to whether themotion vector decoding apparatus can predict each of the optimum motionvectors. Specifically, the motion vector encoding mode determiner 320determines a predictability mode as the motion vector encoding mode forthe optimum motion vectors, which the motion vector decoding apparatuscan predict, among optimum motion vectors for multiple referencepictures, and determines an unpredictability mode as the motion vectorencoding mode for the optimum motion vectors, which the motion vectordecoding apparatus cannot predict, among the optimum motion vectors formultiple reference pictures.

When the motion vector encoding mode is a predictability mode, the firstmotion vector encoder 330 determines the optimum motion vectors formultiple reference pictures defined by the optimum motion vectordeterminer 310 as predicted motion vectors for the multiple referencepictures, and encodes motion information of the multiple referencepictures by using predicted motion vectors for the multiple referencepictures and the current motion vectors for the multiple referencepictures. Specifically, when the motion vector encoding mode is apredictability mode, the first motion vector encoder 330 determines thelist0 and list1 optimum motion vectors as list0 and list1 predictedmotion vectors for the list0 and list1 current motion vectors, andgenerates and encodes list0 and list1 motion information and encodes themotion vector encoding mode (i.e. the predictability mode) by using thelist0 and list1 current motion vectors and the list0 and list1 optimummotion vectors.

Here, the first motion vector encoder 330 may calculate list0 and list1difference vectors corresponding to the difference between the list0 andlist1 current motion vectors and the list0 and list1 optimum motionvectors and encode the calculated list0 and list1 difference vectors, soas to encode list0 and list1 current vectors by using the list0 andlist1 optimum motion vectors. That is, the first motion vector encoder330 can generate and encode the list0 and list1 difference vectors aslist0 and list1 motion information. Further to the generation andencoding of the list0 and list1 difference vectors as list0 and list1motion information, the first motion vector encoder 330 can generate thelist0 and list1 current motion vectors as list0 and list1 motioninformation and can encode the list0 and list1 motion information (i.e.the list0 and list1 current motion vectors) in various ways according tothe characteristics (e.g. direction and size) of the list0 and list1optimum motion vectors (for example, it can use different variablelength coding tables for the encoding).

When the motion vector encoding mode is an unpredictability mode, thesecond motion vector encoder 340 determines default motion vectors formultiple reference pictures preset as predicted motion vectors for themultiple reference pictures, and encodes motion information on themultiple reference pictures by using predicted motion vectors for themultiple reference pictures and the current motion vectors for themultiple reference pictures. Specifically, when the motion vectorencoding mode is an unpredictability mode, the second motion vectorencoder 340 determines preset list0 and list1 default motion vectors aslist0 and list1 predicted motion vectors for the list0 and list1 currentmotion vectors, and generates and encodes list0 and list1 motioninformation and encodes the motion vector encoding mode (i.e. theunpredictability mode) by using the list0 and list1 current motionvectors and the list0 and list1 default motion vectors.

Here, the second motion vector encoder 340 may calculate list0 and list1difference vectors corresponding to the difference between the list0 andlist1 current motion vectors and the list0 and list1 default motionvectors and encode the calculated list0 and list1 difference vectors, soas to encode the list0 and list1 current vectors by using the list0 andlist1 default motion vectors. Further to the encoding of the list0 andlist1 difference vectors, the second motion vector encoder 340 canencode the list0 and list1 current motion vectors in various waysaccording to the characteristics (e.g. direction and size) of the list0and list1 default motion vectors (for example, it can use differentvariable length coding tables for the encoding).

Although the first motion vector encoder 330 and the second motionvector encoder 340 are independently implemented and shown in FIG. 3,they may be implemented by an integrated single motion vector encoderhaving their functions. The integrated single motion vector encoderencodes current motion vectors for the multiple reference pictures byusing optimum motion vectors for multiple reference pictures and defaultmotion vectors for the multiple reference pictures according to themotion vector encoding mode.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating a motion vector encoding methodaccording to an aspect.

In order to encode current motion vectors for multiple referencepictures, the motion vector encoding apparatus 300 determines optimummotion vectors for the multiple reference pictures (step S410).Specifically, the motion vector encoding apparatus 300 determines thelist0 and list1 optimum motion vectors in order to encode the list0 andlist1 current motion vectors.

After determining the optimum motion vectors for the multiple referencepictures, the motion vector encoding apparatus 300 determines whetherthe motion vector decoding apparatus can predict the optimum motionvectors for multiple reference pictures (step S420). When it isdetermined that the motion vector decoding apparatus can predict theoptimum motion vectors for multiple reference pictures, the motionvector encoding apparatus 300 determines the list0 and list1 optimummotion vectors as the list0 and list1 predicted motion vectors (stepS430), and determines a predictability mode as the motion vectorencoding mode (step S440). When it is determined that the motion vectordecoding apparatus cannot predict the optimum motion vectors formultiple reference pictures, the motion vector encoding apparatus 300determines preset list0 and list1 predicted motion vectors as the list0and list1 predicted motion vectors (step S432), and determines anunpredictability mode as the motion vector encoding mode (step S442).Specifically, the motion vector encoding apparatus 300 determineswhether the motion vector decoding apparatus can predict the list0 andlist1 optimum motion vectors. Then, when it is determined that themotion vector decoding apparatus can predict them, the motion vectorencoding apparatus 300 determines a predictability mode as the motionvector encoding mode and determines the list0 and list1 optimum motionvectors as the list0 and list1 predicted motion vectors. In contrast,when it is determined that the motion vector decoding apparatus cannotpredict them, the motion vector encoding apparatus 300 determines anunpredictability mode as the motion vector encoding mode and determinesthe list0 and list1 default motion vectors as the list0 and list1predicted motion vectors.

After determining the predicted motion vectors for the multiplereference pictures, the motion vector encoding apparatus 300 encodesmotion information on the multiple reference pictures by using thepredicted motion vectors for the multiple reference pictures determinedin step S430 or S432 and the current motion vectors for the multiplereference pictures (step S450). In other words, the motion vectorencoding apparatus 300 generates and encodes list0 and list1 motioninformation by using the list0 and list1 current motion vectors and thelist0 and list1 predicted motion vectors.

The motion vector encoding apparatus 300 encodes the motion vectorencoding mode determined in step S440 or S442 (step S460), and generatesand outputs motion vector encoded data including an encoded motionvector encoding mode and motion information on the encoded multiplereference pictures (step S470).

Meanwhile, step S410 in which the motion vector encoding apparatus 300selects a candidate motion vector set and determines one candidatemotion vector selected from the candidate motion vector set as a list0or list1 optimum motion vector, step S420 in which the motion vectorencoding apparatus 300 determines whether the motion vector decodingapparatus can predict the list0 and list1 optimum motion vectors, andstep S430 in which the motion vector encoding apparatus 300 generatesand encodes list0 and list1 motion information by using the list0 andlist1 current motion vectors and the list0 and list1 predicted motionvectors have been already described above with reference to FIG. 3 andwill not be described in more detail.

As described above, the motion vector encoded data can be decoded by amotion vector decoding apparatus as described below.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram schematically illustrating the construction ofa motion vector decoding apparatus according to an aspect.

A motion vector decoding apparatus 500 according to an aspect includes adecoder 510, a first predicted motion vector determiner 520, a secondpredicted motion vector determiner 530, and a motion vectorreconstructor 540.

The decoder 510 reconstructs motion information on multiple referencepictures and an encoded motion vector encoding mode included in inputmotion vector encoded data. That is, the decoder 510 extracts anddecodes encoded list0 and list1 motion information and the encodedmotion vector encoding mode from motion vector encoded data, therebyreconstructing the motion vector encoding mode and the list0 and list1motion information.

Further, as a result of the analysis on the reconstructed motion vectorencoding mode, when the motion vector prediction mode is apredictability mode, the decoder 510 may activate the first predictedmotion vector determiner 520 or may cause the first predicted motionvector determiner 520 to select list0 and list1 optimum motion vectorsand determine the selected list0 and list1 optimum motion vectors aslist0 and list1 predicted motion vectors. As a result of analysis on thereconstructed motion vector encoding mode, when the motion vectorprediction mode is an unpredictability mode, the decoder 510 mayactivate the second predicted motion vector determiner 530 or may causethe second predicted motion vector determiner 530 to select list0 andlist1 optimum motion vectors and determine the selected list0 and list1optimum motion vectors as list0 and list1 predicted motion vectors.

When there is only one vector encoding mode, the decoder 510 activatesor control the first predicted motion vector determiner 520 or thesecond predicted motion vector determiner 530 as described above.However, there may be two or more motion vector encoding modes. That is,as described above with reference to FIG. 3, there may be eithermultiple motion vector encoding modes for respective multiple referencepictures or a single motion vector encoding mode for multiple referencepictures.

For example, if the motion vector encoding apparatus 300 has encodedmotion vector encoding modes for the list0 and list1 reference pictures,respectively, the motion vector encoded data necessarily includes motionvector encoding modes for the list0 and list1, and the decoder 510 mayanalyze the respective motion vector encoding modes for the list0 andlist1 and activate or control the first predicted motion vectordeterminer 520 and the second predicted motion vector determiner 530differently according to the respective motion vector encoding modes. Inother words, if both of the motion vector encoding modes for the list0and list1 are identically the predictability mode or theunpredictability mode, the decoder 510 may cause the first predictedmotion vector determiner 520 to determine list0 and list1 estimatedoptimum motion vectors as the list0 and list1 predicted motion vectorsor may cause the second predicted motion vector determiner 530 todetermine list0 and list1 default motion vectors as the list0 and list1predicted motion vectors. Among the motion vector encoding modes for thelist0 and list1, if the motion vector encoding mode for the list0 is thepredictability mode and the motion vector encoding mode for the list1 isthe unpredictability mode, the decoder 510 may cause the first predictedmotion vector determiner 520 to determine list0 estimated optimum motionvector as the list0 predicted motion vector and may cause the secondpredicted motion vector determiner 530 to determine list1 defaultoptimum motion vector as the list1 predicted motion vector.

When the reconstructed motion vector encoding mode is a predictabilitymode, the first predicted motion vector determiner 520 determinesestimated optimum motion vectors for multiple reference pictures, anddetermines the estimated optimum motion vectors for the determinedmultiple reference pictures as predicted motion vectors for the multiplereference pictures. When the reconstructed motion vector encoding modeis an unpredictability mode, the first predicted motion vectordeterminer 520 determines default motion vectors for multiple referencepictures preset as predicted motion vectors for the multiple referencepictures.

In other words, when the reconstructed motion vector encoding mode is apredictability mode, the first predicted motion vector determiner 520selects list0 and list1 estimated optimum motion vectors and determinesthe selected list0 and list1 estimated optimum motion vectors as list0and list1 predicted motion vectors. When the reconstructed motion vectorencoding mode is an unpredictability mode, the first predicted motionvector determiner 520 determines list0 and list1 default motion vectorspreset or generated according to preset criteria as list0 and list1predicted motion vectors. Here, the method of determining the list0 andlist1 estimated optimum motion vectors by the first predicted motionvector determiner 520 is the same as or similar to the method ofdetermining the list0 and list1 estimated optimum motion vectors byusing a decision function by the motion vector encoding apparatus 300 orthe optimum motion vector determiner 310 as described above withreference to FIG. 3, so a detailed description thereof is omitted here.

Although the first predicted motion vector determiner 520 and the secondpredicted motion vector determiner 530 are independently constructed andshown in FIG. 5, they may be constructed as an integrated singlepredicted motion vector determiner having all of their functions. Theintegrated single predicted motion vector determiner may determineestimated optimum motion vectors for multiple reference pictures, whichare determined by predicting current motion vectors of the current blockfor multiple reference pictures according to the motion vector encodingmode, or default motion vectors for multiple reference pictures presetby a motion vector encoding apparatus, as predicted motion vectors forthe multiple reference pictures.

The motion vector reconstructor 540 reconstructs and outputs the list0and list1 current motion vectors by using the list0 and list1 predictedmotion vectors determined by one or more combinations of the firstpredicted motion vector determiner 520 and the second predicted motionvector determiner 530 and the list0 and list1 motion informationreconstructed by the decoder 510. When the list0 and list1 motioninformation is list0 and list1 differential vectors, it is possible toreconstruct the list0 and list1 current motion vectors by adding thelist0 and list1 predicted motion vectors to the list0 and list1differential vectors. However, further to this reconstruction method,the list0 and list1 current motion vectors can be reconstructedaccording to a method inverse to the method, by which the motion vectorencoding apparatus 300 has generated the list0 and list1 motioninformation. In the latter case, the inverse reconstruction method maybe set in the motion vector encoding apparatus 300, the first motionvector encoder 330, or the second motion vector encoder 340, and themotion vector decoding apparatus 500 or the motion vector reconstructor540.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a motion vector decoding methodaccording to an aspect.

The motion vector decoding apparatus 500 reconstructs the motion vectorencoding mode and the list0 and list1 motion information by decodinginput motion vector encoded data (step S610), and determines if themotion vector prediction mode is a predictability mode (step S620). Whenthe motion vector prediction mode is a predictability mode, the motionvector decoding apparatus 500 determines list0 and list1 estimatedoptimum motion vectors as the list0 and list1 predicted motion vectors(step S630). When the motion vector prediction mode is anunpredictability mode, the motion vector decoding apparatus 500determines the list0 and list1 default motion vectors as the list0 andlist1 predicted motion vectors (step S632).

By using the motion vector encoding mode reconstructed in step S610 andthe list0 and list1 predicted motion vectors determined in step S630 orS632, the motion vector decoding apparatus 500 reconstructs the list0and list1 current motion vectors (step S640).

The method of determining list0 and list1 estimated optimum motionvectors as the list0 and list1 predicted motion vectors through analysison the motion vector encoding mode or determining the list0 and list1default motion vectors as the list0 and list1 predicted motion vectorsand the method of reconstructing the list0 and list1 current motionvectors by using the motion vector encoding mode and the list0 and list1motion information have been already described above with reference toFIG. 5, so a detailed description thereof is omitted here.

The motion vector encoding/decoding apparatus according to an aspectdescribed above can be employed in an image encoding apparatus and animage decoding apparatus.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram schematically showing an image encodingapparatus according to an aspect.

The image encoding apparatus 700 according to an aspect includes a blockmode determiner 710, a predictor 720, a subtractor 730, a first encoder740, a second encoder 750, an encoded data generator 760, a decoder 770,an adder 780, and a reference picture storage unit 790. The imageencoding apparatus 700 may be a personal computer (PC), a notebookcomputer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), portable multimedia player(PMP), PlayStation Portable (PSP), or mobile communication terminal, andincludes various apparatuses, each of which is provided with acommunication unit, such as a communication modem, for communicatingwith various devices through wired or wireless communication network, amemory for storing various programs and data for image encoding, and amicroprocessor for executing programs and performing operations andcontrol.

The block mode determiner 710 determines the block mode (e.g. block modehaving a minimum rate-distortion) of a current block to be currentlyencoded in an image by applying a predetermined optimum criteria (e.g.rate-distortion criteria) to block modes selectable for the currentblock. If a block mode has been already set in the image encodingapparatus 700, the block mode determiner 710 is not necessarily includedand may be selectively omitted in the image encoding apparatus 700.

The predictor 720 generates and outputs a predicted block by predictingthe current block. Specifically, the predictor 720 predicts a pixelvalue of each pixel of a current block to be currently encoded in animage, thereby generating a predicted block having the predicted pixelvalue of each pixel. In the case of performing an inter prediction, thepredictor 720 may include a motion vector encoder 722 and a motioncompensator 724 as shown. Further, according to whether the motionvector decoding apparatus can predict optimum motion vectors formultiple reference pictures determined for the current motion vector ofthe current block, the predictor 720 generates motion vector encodeddata by encoding motion information on the multiple reference picturesby using optimum motion vectors or default motion vectors for multiplereference pictures preset by a motion vector encoding apparatus, andgenerates a predicted block of the current block by using current motionvectors for multiple reference pictures.

The motion vector encoder 722 can be implemented by the motion vectorencoding apparatus 300 according to an aspect as described above withreference to FIG. 3, so a more detailed description thereof is omittedhere. However, the motion vector encoder 722 can determine currentmotion vectors for multiple reference pictures, which are motion vectorsof the current block for the multiple reference pictures, and can usevarious techniques including rate-distortion optimization in determiningthe current motion vectors for the multiple reference pictures.

The motion compensator 724 generates and outputs a predicted block ofthe current block by using the current motion vector for multiplereference pictures output from the motion vector encoder 722 andindicated by index information.

The subtractor 730 subtracts the predicted block from the current block,thereby generating a residual block. Specifically, the subtractor 730calculates the difference between a pixel value of each pixel of thecurrent block to be encoded and a pixel value of each pixel of thepredicted block predicted by the predictor 720, thereby generating aresidual block having a block type residual signal.

The first encoder 740 converts and quantizes a residual block, therebyoutputting a quantized residual block. Specifically, the first encoder740 converts the residual signal of the residual block to a frequencydomain signal, so as to convert each pixel value of the residual blockto a frequency coefficient and quantize the residual block having thefrequency coefficient. For the conversion of the residual signal to asignal of the frequency axis, the first encoder 740 may use varioustransform techniques converting an image signal of a spatial axis to asignal of the frequency axis, such as Hadamard Transform, DiscreteCosine Transform (DCT)-based Transform, wherein the residual signalhaving been converted to the frequency domain serves as a frequencycoefficient. Further, in quantizing the converted residual block, thefirst encoder 740 may use techniques, such as Dead Zone UniformThreshold Quantization (DZUTQ), Quantization Weighted Matrix, andimproved quantization thereof.

Although the first encoder 740 converts and quantizes the residual blockin the above description, the first encoder 740 may omit thequantization after generating the residual block having the frequencycoefficient by converting the residual signal of the residual block, mayperform only the quantization while omitting the process of generatingthe residual block having the frequency coefficient by converting theresidual signal of the residual block, or may even omit both theconversion and the quantization. In the case where both the conversionand the quantization are not performed, the first encoder 740 can beomitted from the image encoding apparatus 700 according to an aspect.

The second encoder 750 generates and outputs residual block encoded databy encoding a residual block output from the first encoder 740.Specifically, the second encoder 750 generates a quantization frequencycoefficient sequence, a frequency coefficient sequence, or a signalsequence by scanning a quantization frequency coefficient, a frequencycoefficient, or a residual signal of the residual block according tovarious scanning schemes, such as zigzag scan, and encodes the generatedsequence by using various encoding schemes, such as entropy encoding.Meanwhile, the first encoder 740 and the second encoder 750 may bereplaced by an integrated single encoder having their functions.

The encoded data generator 760 generates and outputs encoded data, whichincludes residual block encoded data output from the second encoder 750and motion vector encoded data output from the motion vector encoder722. The encoded data generator 760 may add information on the blockmode for the current block preset or output from the block modedeterminer 710 to the output encoded data. The encoded data generator760 may be implemented by a multiplexer.

The decoder 770 dequantizes and then performs an inverse transform onthe residual block having been quantized by the first encoder 740.Specifically, the decoder 770 generates residual blocks having frequencycoefficients by dequantizing quantization frequency coefficients ofquantized residual blocks, and generates residual blocks having pixelvalues, i.e. reconstructed residual blocks, by performing inversetransform on the dequantized residual blocks. For the dequantization andinverse transform, the decoder 770 may use inverse schemes of thetransform scheme and quantization scheme used by the first encoder 740.Further, the decoder 770 may perform only the inverse transform withoutthe dequantization when the first encoder 740 performs only thetransform without the quantization, and may perform only thedequantization without the inverse transform when the first encoder 740performs only the quantization without the transform. Moreover, if thefirst encoder 740 does not perform both the transform and thequantization or when the first encoder 740 is omitted from the imageencoding apparatus 700, the decoder 770 also may not perform both theinverse transform and the dequantization or may be omitted from theimage encoding apparatus 700.

The adder 780 reconstructs the current block by adding a predicted blockpredicted by the predictor 720 and a residual block reconstructed by thedecoder 770. The reference picture storage unit 790 stores thereconstructed current block output from the adder 780 as a referencepicture picture-by-picture, so that the predictor 720 can use thecurrent block as a reference picture when encoding a next block of thecurrent block or another block in the future.

Although not shown in FIG. 7, based on the H.264/AVC standard, the imageencoding apparatus 700 according to an aspect may additionally includean intra predictor for intra prediction, and a deblocking filter forperforming a deblocking filtering on the reconstructed current block.Further, based on the H.264/AVC standard, the first encoder 740 and thedecoder 770 may additionally perform the transform and quantization (orinverse transform and dequantization) for a particular picture (e.g.intra picture). The deblocking filtering refers to an operation forreducing the block distortion generated during encoding of an imageblock-by-block, and may selectively employ one or more combinations of amethod of applying a deblocking filter to the block boundary and themacro block boundary, a method of applying a deblocking filter to onlythe macro block boundary, and a method of using no deblocking filter.

FIG. 8 is a schematic flow diagram showing an image encoding methodaccording to an aspect.

The image encoding apparatus 700 determines the motion vector encodingmode according to whether the motion vector decoding apparatus canpredict optimum motion vectors for multiple reference picturesdetermined for the current motion vector of the current block (stepS810). Specifically, as described above with reference to FIG. 3, theimage encoding apparatus 700 determines the list0 and list1 optimummotion vectors and determines whether the motion vector decodingapparatus can predict the list0 and list1 optimum motion vectors,thereby determining the motion vector encoding mode. At this time, asdescribed above with reference to FIG. 3, the motion vector encodingmode may be determined as a predictability mode or an unpredictabilitymode, and may be determined as different modes or a single mode for therespective multiple reference pictures.

The image encoding apparatus 700 generates motion information formultiple reference pictures by using optimum motion vectors for multiplereference pictures and default motion vectors for the multiple referencepictures according to the motion vector encoding mode (step S820). Thatis, as described above with reference to FIG. 3, the image encodingapparatus 700 generates list0 and list1 motion information by using thelist0 and list1 optimum motion vectors or the list0 and list1 defaultmotion vectors according to the motion vector encoding mode.

The image encoding apparatus 700 generates motion vector encoded data byencoding the motion vector encoding mode and motion information onmultiple reference pictures (S830), generates a predicted block of thecurrent block by using a current motion vector for multiple referencepictures (S840), generates residual block encoded data by encoding aresidual block generated through subtraction between a predicted blockand the current block (S850), and generates and outputs encoded dataincluding motion encoded data and residual block encoded data (S860).

As described above, the encoded data encoded from an image by the imageencoding apparatus 700 is transmitted to an image decoding apparatus inreal time or non real time through a wired or wireless communicationnetwork, such as the Internet, LAN, wireless LAN, WiBro (WirelessBroadband) network also known as WiMax network, and mobile communicationnetwork, or through a communication interface, such as a cable orUniversal Serial Bus (USB), so that the image decoding apparatus canreconstruct and reproduce the image.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram showing an image decoding apparatus accordingto an aspect.

The image decoding apparatus 900 according to an aspect includes aninformation extractor 910, a first decoder 920, a second decoder 930, apredictor 940, an adder 950, and a reference picture storing unit 960.The image decoding apparatus 900 may be a personal computer (PC), anotebook computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), portablemultimedia player (PMP), PlayStation Portable (PSP), or mobilecommunication terminal, and includes various apparatuses, each of whichis provided with a communication unit, such as a communication modem,for communicating with various devices through wired or wirelesscommunication network, a memory for storing various programs and datafor image encoding, and a microprocessor for executing programs andperforming operations and control.

The information extractor 910 receives an input of encoded data,extracts information (e.g. identifier) on the block mode from the inputencoded data, and outputs information on the extracted block mode.Further, when the block mode is a motion vector omission mode (forexample, when the block mode is an intra 16×16 mode or an intra 4×4mode), the information extractor 910 may extract and output only theresidual block encoded data from the encoded data without extracting themotion vector encoded data. In contrast, when the block mode is not amotion vector omission mode (for example, when the block mode is aninter 16×16 mode, an inter 4×4 mode, or P8×8 mode), the informationextractor 910 extracts and outputs the motion vector encoded data andthe residual block encoded data from the encoded data. At this time, theinformation extractor 910 may additionally extract and output indexinformation of reference pictures from the encoded data.

The first decoder 920 decodes the residual block encoded data outputfrom the information extractor 910. That is, the first decoder 920generates a quantization frequency coefficient sequence by decodingbinary data of the residual block encoded data using an entropy encodingtechnique, etc., and generates a residual block having the quantizationfrequency coefficient sequence by inverse-scanning the residual blockencoded data according to various scanning schemes, such as zigzag scan.If the binary data of the residual block encoded data is binary datahaving an encoded frequency coefficient, the residual block decoded bythe first decoder 920 is a residual block having a frequencycoefficient. In contrast, if the binary data of the residual blockencoded data is binary data obtained by encoding binary data, which isneither transformed nor quantized, the residual block decoded by thefirst decoder 920 is a residual block having a residual signal.

The second decoder 930 reconstructs the residual block by dequantizingand inverse-transforming the residual block decoded by the first decoder920. Specifically, the second decoder 930 reconstructs a residual blockhaving a residual signal by dequantizing the quantization frequencycoefficient of the decoded residual block output from the first decoder920 and then inverse-transforming the dequantized quantization frequencycoefficient. If the residual block decoded by the first decoder 920 hasa quantization frequency coefficient, the second decoder 930 performsboth the dequantization and the inverse transform. However, if theresidual block decoded by the first decoder 920 has a frequencycoefficient, the second decoder 930 may perform only the inversetransform without the dequantization. Moreover, if the residual blockdecoded by the first decoder 920 has only a residual signal, the seconddecoder 930 may not perform both the dequantization and the inversetransform, or the second decoder 930 may be omitted from the imagedecoding apparatus 900. Although the first decoder 920 and the seconddecoder 930 are separately constructed and shown in FIG. 9, they may beconstructed as an integrated single decoder (not shown) having theirfunctions.

The predictor 940 generates a predicted block by predicting a currentblock. The predictor 940 may include a motion vector decoder 942 and amotion compensator 944. The predictor 940 reconstructs the motioninformation for multiple reference pictures and the motion vectorencoding mode by decoding the motion vector encoded data output from theinformation extractor 910, reconstructs a current motion vector formultiple reference pictures by using default motion vectors preset withthe motion vector encoding apparatus or estimated optimum motion vectorsfor multiple reference pictures determined according to thereconstructed motion vector and vector encoding mode, and generates apredicted block of the current block by using a current motion vectorfor multiple reconstructed reference pictures.

The motion vector decoder 942 can be implemented by the motion vectordecoding apparatus 500 according to an aspect as described above withreference to FIG. 5. That is, the motion vector decoder 942 reconstructsthe motion vector encoding mode and the list0 and list1 motioninformation by decoding the motion vector encoded data, determinesselected list0 and list1 optimum motion vectors or preset list0 andlist1 default motion vectors as the list0 and list1 predicted motionvectors according to whether the motion vector encoding mode is apredictability mode or an unpredictability mode, and reconstructs thelist0 and list1 current motion vectors by using the list0 and list1motion information and the list0 and list1 predicted motion vectors.

The motion compensator 944 generates a predicted block by predicting areference block, which is indicated by the list0 and list1 predictedmotion vectors reconstructed by the motion vector decoder 942 in thereference pictures stored in the reference picture storing unit 960, asa predicted block of the current block. In using the reference pictures,if index information on the reference pictures is output from theinformation extractor 910, the motion vector decoder 942 can use thereference pictures identified by the index information among thereference pictures stored in the reference picture storing unit 960.

The adder 950 reconstructs the current block by adding the reconstructedresidual block output from the second decoder 930 to the predicted blockoutput from the predictor 940. The reconstructed current blocks areaccumulated picture-by-picture, so that the accumulated current blockscan be output as a reconstructed image or stored as a reference picturein the reference picture storing unit 960, and may be used forprediction of the next block.

Although not shown in FIG. 9, based on the H.264/AVC standard, the imagedecoding apparatus 900 according to an aspect may additionally includean intra predictor for intra prediction, and a deblocking filter forperforming a deblocking filtering on the reconstructed current block.Further, based on the H.264/AVC standard, the image decoding apparatus900 may additionally perform the inverse transform and dequantizationfor a particular picture (e.g. intra picture).

FIG. 10 is a schematic flow diagram showing an image decoding methodaccording to an aspect.

The image decoding apparatus 900, which has received and stored encodeddata for an image through a wired/wireless communication network orcable, decodes the encoded data and reconstructs the image, in order toreproduce the image according to user's selection or the algorithm ofanother program being executed.

To this end, the image decoding apparatus 900 decodes input encoded datato thereby reconstruct the residual bloc, the motion vector encodingmode, and the motion information for multiple reference pictures (stepS1010), and reconstructs the current motion vector for multiplereference pictures by using default motion vectors for the multiplereference pictures or estimated optimum motion vectors for the multiplereference pictures according to the reconstructed motion vector encodingmode (step S1020).

That is, the image decoding apparatus 900 reconstructs the residualbloc, the motion vector encoding mode, and the list0 and list1 motioninformation for multiple reference pictures by decoding input encodeddata, and reconstructs the list0 and list1 current motion vectors byusing the list0 and list1 default motion vectors or the list0 and list1estimated optimum motion vectors according to the reconstructed motionvector encoding mode.

Then, the image decoding apparatus 900 generates a predicted block bypredicting the current block by using the reconstructed current vectorsfor the multiple reference pictures, that is, by using the list0 andlist1 current motion vectors (step S1030), and reconstructs the currentblocks by adding the reconstructed residual blocks and the predictedblocks (step 1040).

The sequence between the above-described steps in FIGS. 4, 6, 8, and 10is only a sequence according to an aspect of the present disclosure andmay be changed to another sequence without escaping from the scope ofthe present disclosure.

Further, although the motion vector prediction modes are classified intoa predictability mode and an unpredictability mode in the abovedescription, the present disclosure is not limited to thisclassification. Instead, the motion vector prediction modes may includea mode in which default motion vectors for multiple preset referencepictures are used as predicted motion vectors for the multiple referencepictures, and a mode in which optimum motion vectors for multiple presetreference pictures are used as predicted motion vectors for the multiplereference pictures according to preset criteria or methods.

According to an aspect, the motion vector encoding apparatus 300 orimage encoding apparatus 700 can select and determine a predicted modefor multiple reference pictures, so that it is possible to minimize thebit quantity required for encoding of current motion vectors formultiple reference pictures by using motion vectors equal or similar tothe current motion vectors for the multiple reference pictures aspredicted motion vectors for the multiple reference pictures, therebyimproving the encoding efficiency or compression efficiency.

Further, according to an aspect, instead of directly notifying the imagedecoding apparatus of the predicted motion vectors for selected multiplereference pictures, the motion vector encoding apparatus 300 or theimage encoding apparatus 700 may transmit only information, such asmotion information or a motion vector encoding mode, to the motionvector decoding apparatus 500 or the image decoding apparatus 900 sothat the motion vector decoding apparatus 500 or the image decodingapparatus 900 can obtain the predicted motion vectors by itself, or mayshare a function for finding the predicted motion vectors with themotion vector decoding apparatus 500 or the image decoding apparatus900. As a result, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of additionalbits for notifying of the predicted motion vectors for the multiplereference pictures, thereby further improving the encoding efficiencyand the decoding efficiency.

Further, according to an aspect applied to an image processing service,it is possible to encode an image with a small bit quantity, which canprovide users with a highly satisfactory service. Especially, in awireless mobile environment, which may have a relatively smallbandwidth, a large data loss and delay in comparison with a wiredenvironment, it is possible to expect a larger effect.

In the description above, although all of the components of theembodiments of the present disclosure may have been explained asassembled or operatively connected as a unit, the present disclosure isnot intended to limit itself to such embodiments. Rather, within theobjective scope of the present disclosure, the respective components maybe selectively and operatively combined in any numbers. Every one of thecomponents may be also implemented by itself in hardware while therespective ones can be combined in part or as a whole selectively andimplemented in a computer program having program modules for executingfunctions of the hardware equivalents. Codes or code segments toconstitute such a program may be easily deduced by a person skilled inthe art. The computer program may be stored in computer readable media,which in operation can realize the embodiments of the presentdisclosure. As the computer readable media, the candidates includemagnetic recording media, optical recording media, and carrier wavemedia.

In addition, terms like ‘include’, ‘comprise’, and ‘have’ should beinterpreted in default as inclusive or open rather than exclusive orclosed unless expressly defined to the contrary. All the terms that aretechnical, scientific or otherwise agree with the meanings as understoodby a person skilled in the art unless defined to the contrary. Commonterms as found in dictionaries should be interpreted in the context ofthe related technical writings not too ideally or impractically unlessthe present disclosure expressly defines them so.

As described above, according to various embodiments of the presentdisclosure, it is possible to more accurately predict a predicted motionvector of the current motion vector for multiple reference pictures andreduce the bit quantity required for encoding of motion vectors, so asto improve the compression efficiency.

Although exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure have beendescribed for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art willappreciate that various modifications, additions and substitutions arepossible, without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimedinvention. Specific terms used in this disclosure and drawings are usedfor illustrative purposes and not to be considered as limitations of thepresent disclosure. Therefore, exemplary embodiments of the presentdisclosure have not been described for limiting purposes. Accordingly,the scope of the claimed invention is not to be limited by the aboveembodiments but by the claims and the equivalents thereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. A video encoding method using an interprediction, the method comprising: determining a first motion vector anda second motion vector of a current block to be encoded; generating apredicted block of the current block by using the first and secondmotion vectors; generating a residual block by subtracting the predictedblock from the current block; encoding, into a bitstream, information onthe first and second motion vectors, and residual signals in theresidual block; wherein the encoding of the residual signals comprises:identifying one or more conditions for enabling transform andquantization; skipping both of the transform and the quantization forthe residual signals to thereby encode the residual signals which areneither transformed nor quantized, when the identified one or moreconditions indicate skipping of both the transform and the quantization;skipping the transform for the residual signals and quantizing theresidual signals to thereby encode the quantized residual signals, whenthe identified one or more conditions indicate skipping of thetransform; and transforming and then quantizing the residual signals tothereby encode the transformed and quantized residual signals, when theidentified one or more conditions indicate non-skipping of both thetransform and the quantization.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein theencoding of the information on the first and second motion vectorscomprises: deriving a first predicted motion vector and a secondpredicted motion vector of the current block from one or moreneighboring blocks of the current block; generating a first differentialmotion vector by subtracting the first predicted motion vector from thefirst motion vector, and a second differential motion vector bysubtracting the second predicted motion vector from the second motionvector; and encoding the first and second differential motion vectors.3. The method of claim 2, wherein the one or more neighboring blocks areselected from spatially neighboring blocks of the current block locatedin a current picture and a block located in a reference picture decodedbefore the current picture, wherein a position of the block in areference picture is determined based on a position of the current blockin the current picture.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the spatiallyneighboring blocks include one or more of blocks located at left, upper,upper right and upper left sides of the current block.
 5. The method ofclaim 2, wherein information for identifying the first and secondpredicted motion vectors is encoded into the bitstream.
 6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the identified one or more conditions for enabling thetransform and the quantization are encoded into the bitstream.
 7. Avideo encoding apparatus using an inter prediction, the apparatuscomprising: a motion vector encoder configured to determine a firstmotion vector and a second motion vector of a current block to beencoded, and encode information on the first and second motion vectorsinto a bitstream; a motion compensator configured to generate apredicted block of the current block by using the first and secondmotion vectors; and a residual encoder configure to generate a residualblock by subtracting the predicted block from the current block, andencode residual signals in the residual block into the bitstream;wherein the residual encoder is configured to encode residual signals byidentifying whether to enable transform and quantization, skipping bothof the transform and the quantization for the residual signals tothereby encode the residual signals which are neither transformed norquantized, in response to identifying skipping of both the transform andthe quantization; skipping the transform for the residual signals andquantizing the residual signals to thereby encode the quantized residualsignals, in response to identifying skipping of the transform; andtransforming and then quantizing the residual signals to thereby encodethe transformed and quantized residual signals, in response toidentifying non-skipping of both the transform and the quantization. 8.The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the motion vector encoder isconfigured to encode the information on the first and second motionvectors by deriving a first predicted motion vector and a secondpredicted motion vector of the current block from one or moreneighboring blocks of the current block; generating a first differentialmotion vector by subtracting the first predicted motion vector from thefirst motion vector, and a second differential motion vector bysubtracting the second predicted motion vector from the second motionvector; and encoding the first and second differential motion vectors.9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the one or more neighboring blocksare selected from spatially neighboring blocks of the current blocklocated in a current picture and a block located in a reference picturedecoded before the current picture, wherein a position of the block in areference picture is determined based on a position of the current blockin the current picture.
 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein thespatially neighboring blocks include one or more of blocks located atleft, upper, upper right and upper left sides of the current block. 11.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein information for indicating theselected first and second predicted motion vectors is encoded into thebitstream.
 12. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein information forindicating whether to enable the transform and the quantization isencoded into the bitstream.